Tropical deforestation is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, estimated to contribute as much as 25% of global emissions. In Brazil, which is reported to be the fourth-largest GHG emitter, deforestation causes about 75% of all national emissions. Yet deforestation in Brazil and other countries with tropical forests has proven very difficult to control, in part because of the weakness of national legal and regulatory institutions for environmental protection.

Editors' Summary

Editors' Summary

It once might have seemed that the federal policy of promoting environmental justice was on a collision course with limitations the Equal Protection Clause imposes on federal actions to benefit minorities. In February 1994, Executive Order (EO) 12898 directed federal agencies to take special steps to ensure environmental protection for low-income and minority communities. In June of the following year, the U.S.

Editor's Summary

In a recent essay, David Coursen asks an important and unexamined question: Are environmental justice policies, which seek to avoid disproportionate environmental burdens on minority and poor communities, on a "collision course" with the Equal Protection Clause? In concluding that a potential collision is more illusory than real, Coursen offers a number of reasons why governmental actions to promote environmental justice have not been challenged in court and, even if they were to be, would not be subjected to strict judicial scrutiny.

Since federal and state governments first began prosecuting environmental crimes more than 25 years ago, the nature of the cases they have investigated and prosecuted has changed dramatically. In the early years of criminal enforcement, prosecutors used then-recently enacted criminal statutes to deal with blatant criminal conduct, such as midnight dumping of toxic waste drums. Over the past 25 years, the states and the U.S. Congress have enacted tougher, more comprehensive environmental crimes statutes and devoted greater resources to fighting environmental crime.

In 1978, after more than 50 years of silence on regulatory takings, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York. Penn Central has since been referred to as the "polestar" of regulatory takings jurisprudence;2 however, no clear method of applying the multi-part ad hoc factual analysis of Penn Central has emerged. The Penn Central analysis has instead created confusion in the field with case law being anything but "unified."

"[W]e have frequently observed that whether a particular restriction will be rendered invalid by the government's failure to pay for any losses proximately caused by it depends largely upon the particular circumstances [in that] case." --Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104, 124 (1978).

"[A] 'totality of the circumstances' analysis masks intellectual bankruptcy." --Thomas Merrill, "The Economics of Public Use," 72 Cornell L. Rev. 61, 92 (1986).

Introduction

Editors' Summary

In 2008, China continued its environmental development goals outlined in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan passed in 2006. This annual review surveys the major developments in Chinese environmental law and policy in the past year. The Article covers developments in international environmental law, energy conservation, enforcement mechanisms, and the environmental impacts of major events and incidents in China in the past year.