I am not one who was born in the possession of knowledge; I am one who is fond of antiquity, and earnest in seeking it there.

—Confucius¹

The environmental movement has come a long way since the first half of the 20th century, when such forward thinkers as John Muir and Aldo Leopold helped shape worldwide environmental policy with their articles and books on preservation. Despite their good intentions, rapid industrialization still resulted in a slew of nightmares: Love Canal; Times Beach; the air pollution episodes of the 1960s; and Bhopal, India.

The ESA mandates protection of endangered and threatened species on an individual species and project basis.¹ A species is only protected by the ESA when it is listed as endangered or threatened, and its critical habitat is designated.² Once a species has been listed, a number of provisions providing for its protection are triggered. The primary provisions for species conservation are § 7(a)(1) conservation obligations and § 4(f) recovery plans.

Introduction

This Article examines what the term "cooperation" means in major federal policies, state audit privilege/immunity laws, and state self-disclosure policies and rules in existence as of September 2003.

The United States is a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Framework Convention),¹ which requires parties to implement programs and measures to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions.

Introduction

In a previous Article in ELR,¹ the authors examined issues related to international greenhouse gas emissions trading under the as-yet unratified Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.² This Dialogue builds upon, and assumes the reader's knowledge of, the previous Article.

Efficient combustion largely prevents the formation of many criteria pollutants.

The 1997 Kyoto Protocol provides for a 5% reduction in 1990 levels of greenhouse gases by 2008-2012 in order to stem global warming. The developed nations have agreed to specific greenhouse gas reduction levels; the U.S. quota reduction is 7%.¹ The Kyoto Protocol also provides broad objectives, the details of which are to be worked by the Conference of the Parties.

In 2001, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) issued its Third Assessment Report (TAR)¹ on the prospects for and likely impact of increases in global average temperature over the next century.