On September 25, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change issued a report detailing the effects of climate change on oceans, ice sheets, mountain snowpack, and permafrost. Written by 100 international experts and based on over 7,000 studies, the report finds that the oceans are becoming hotter, more acidic, and less oxygen-rich. Extreme flooding that was once rare could start occurring annually this century. The frequency of marine heat waves, which kill fish and coral reefs among other life forms, have doubled since the 1980s, and are expected to increase 20-50 times. Warmer waters may also lead to greater proliferation of pathogens like vibrio, which contaminates shellfish and causes illness in humans. For the full story, see https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/25/climate/climate-change-oceans-united-nations.html.