Under a partial consent decree, settling CAA defendants that used defeat devices on their vehicles to circumvent nitrogen oxide control standards during emissions testing must establish a buyback/lease termination program for all eligible owners and lessees; submit for review and approval a proposal for modifying the vehicles in question; achieve a recall rate of 85% by June 30, 2019, or augment mitigation trust funds for the United States and California; fund a trust over three years in the total amount of $2.7 billion to perform specified mitigation projects; and invest $2 billion over a 10-year period to support the increased use of zero emission vehicle technology in the United States.