Editors' Summary: For the past quarter century, the Clean Water Act has primarily relied on technological standards to abate point source pollution and achieve national clean water goals. Water quality standards lay largely dormant until the 1990s, when they were activated by citizen suits demanding implementation of §303(d) of the Act—the abatement of pollution discharges based on total maximum daily loads. The first Article in this series, published in the July 1997 issue of this Reporter, described the enactment of §303(d) and the active promotion of this approach to water pollution control by state governments and industry. A second Article, published in the August 1997 issue of ELR, described the subsequent neglect of §303(d) by the states and EPA, and the eventual litigation that brought this issue to center stage. This Article describes the new §303(d) program as it is emerging from the courts, EPA, a federal advisory committee, related federal programs, and the states.