This Article is adapted from Chapter One of Next Generation Environmental Compliance and Enforcement (LeRoy C. Paddock and Jessica A. Wentz eds.) published in 2014 by ELI Press. The book emerged from a two-day EPA workshop covering a broad array of topics, ranging from general comparisons of different compliance approaches to focused case studies of regulatory programs. This Article defines “next generation compliance” and outlines its five key elements: rules with compliance built in; advanced pollution monitoring technologies; electronic reporting systems; increased transparency; and innovative enforcement strategies.