The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) plays a crucial role in the authorization and approval of more development projects than any other federal law. Proponents believe NEPA protects communities and the environment from potentially detrimental projects, while critics counter the Act prevents timely review of important infrastructure projects. At a NEPA 50th Anniversary conference on December 17, 2019, the Environmental Law Institute hosted a panel that looked toward the Act’s near and distant future, exploring recent permitting developments, the project approval process, collaboration with regulatory agencies, legislation that may affect NEPA, and issues related to greenhouse gas emissions. This Dialogue presents a transcript of the discussion, which has been edited for style, clarity, and space considerations.