Editor's Summary: Plant genetic resources are essential to feeding the world's population. With the goal of guaranteeing food security through the conservation, exchange, and sustainable use of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, as well as the fair and equitable benefit sharing arising from its use, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations adopted the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in November 2001, after seven years of negotiation. In this Article, Daniele Manzella examines the enforceable obligations of the Contracting Parties to the treaty, as well as the contract obligations of parties to material transfer agreements that arise under it, and makes a number of recommendations to ensure the treaty's successful implementation.