Editors' Summary: This Article discusses the new ozone and particulate matter (PM) NAAQS that EPA promulgated in 1997. It begins by examining the relevant provisions of the CAA and reviewing EPA's history of regulating ozone and PM. It also discusses the costs and impacts associated with implementing the new NAAQS. The Article concludes that less stringent ozone and PM NAAQS would meet the CAA's requisite level of health protection with far fewer negative impacts on the U.S. economy and society. Should the negative impacts of implementing the new NAAQS prove to be unacceptable to the American public, the Article suggests reconsidering whether the possible adverse health effects of airborne pollutants should be the only factor considered in establishing and revising NAAQS.